DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
(Kalimat Langsung dan Kalimat Tak Langsung)
Indirect
Speech is a phrase that comes from direct sentences that told back in another
form.
Direct and Indirect Speech, who is also
familiar with another term, namely
Report Speech. Direct Speech sentence is spoken
directly by the speaker and
that the sentence would be written quotes.
Conditional
be Conditional
Consider
the following examples of sentences:
Ø “I never eat durian.” She
explained.
Ø She explained (that) she never eat
durian
Ø “I am waiting for him now,” she said.
Ø She said (that) she was waiting for him
then.
example
:
-Erfin said that he was so happy
-They said that they had watched
football game.
If Verbs in the main clause and the
shape is PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT
or the existence of a common statement
in the main clause, then no
time changes in indirect sentence.
Example:
-She asks me, “Are you sleepy?” She asks
me wether I am sleepy
-He has told us, “I am hungry.” He told
us that he is hungry
-She told me,“the sun rises in the
east”.
She told me that the sun rises in the
east
But if Verbs in sentence form apart from
the PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT and then change the time on indirect sentence.
example:
-Simple
Present menjadi Simple Past
a. He told me, “I go to work everyday.”
b. He told me that he went to work
everyday.
-Present
Continuous menjadi Past Continuous
a. She told me, “I am playing music
now”.
b. She told me that she was playing
music then.
-Present
Perfect menjadi Past Perfect
a. They told me. “We have bought a car”.
b. They told me that they had bought a
car.
-Simple
Past menjadi Past Perfect
a. He told me, “I went to Bandung
yesterday”.
b. He told me that he had gone to
Bandung yesterday.
-Simple
Future menjadi Future Past
a. He told me, “I will go to university
next year”.
b. He told me that he would go to
university the following year.
-Future
Past menjadi Future Past Perfect
a. She told me, “I should go there if I
were you.”
b. She told me that she would have gone
there if she had been me.
Perubahan-perubahan MODAL, PREPOSITION
dan Keterangan waktu dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tak langsung. :
Shall – Should See – saw Will – would
Is – was May – might Has/have – had
Can –could are – were Here – there
This – that Now – then Ago – before, Dsb
Perhatikan tabel berikut :
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
Simple Present
He said, “I go to Jakarta every month.”
|
Simple Past
He said (that) he went to Jakarta every month.
|
Simple Past
He said,”I went to Jakarta every month.”
|
Past Perfect
He said (that) he had gone to Jakarta every month.
|
Present Perfect
He said, “I have gone to Jakarta every month.”
|
Past Perfect
He said (that) he had gone to Jakarta every month.
|
Present Continuous
He said,”I am going to Jakarta every month.”
|
Past Continuous
He said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.
|
Past Continuous
He said, “I was going to Jakarta every month.”
|
Perfect Continuous
He said (that) he had been going to Jakarta every month.
|
Future (will)
He said,”I will go to Jakarta every month.”
|
Would + verb
He said (that) he would go to Jakarta every month.
|
Furure (going to)
He said, “I am going to Jakarta every month.”
|
Past Continuous
He said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.
|
B. Indirect Speech Dengan Perintah
Bentuk indirect atau reported speech
perubahan dari
kalimat perintah
biasanya menggunakan kata said,
told, dan ordered dan kemudian diikuti bentuk to infinitive.
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He said,”Go to school every day.”
He said,”Wash your face!”
The police ordered,”Walk on!”
The teacher said,”Don’t be lazy!”
|
He told me to go to school every day.
He told me to wash my face.
The police ordered me to walk on.
The teacher told me not to be lazy.
|
C. Indirect Speech Dengan Larangan
Bentuk indirect speech perubahan dari
kalimat larangan
biasanya membuat mustn't tetap
mustn't tetapi didahului that + Subject dan diikuti
dengan auxiliary dan verb tanpa mengubah tenses (bentukwaktunya).
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He told me,”You mustn’t drive a car without a driving licence.”
|
He told me that I musn’t drive a car without a driving licence.
|
B. Indirect Speech Dengan
Perintah
Bentuk indirect atau reported speech
perubahan dari
kalimat perintah
biasanya menggunakan kata said,
told, dan ordered dan kemudian diikuti bentuk to infinitive.
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He said,”Go to school every day.”
He said,”Wash your face!”
The police ordered,”Walk on!”
The teacher said,”Don’t be lazy!”
|
He told me to go to school every day.
He told me to wash my face.
The police ordered me to walk on.
The teacher told me not to be lazy.
|
C. Indirect Speech Dengan Larangan
Bentuk indirect speech perubahan dari
kalimat larangan
biasanya membuat mustn't tetap
mustn't tetapi didahului that + Subject dan diikuti
dengan auxiliary dan verb tanpa mengubah tenses (bentuk waktunya).
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He told me,”You mustn’t drive a car without a driving licence.”
|
He told me that I musn’t drive a car without a driving licence.
|
D. Indirect Speech Dengan Tanya
Bentuk Indirect Speech yang merupakan perubahan
dari kalimat
Tanya dapat
dikelompokan menjadi dua:
a. Indirect Speech dengan Yes-No
Question :biasanya menggunakan kata
"whether".
b. Indirect Speech dengan W-H Question
:Biasanya menggunakan kata tanya yang ada dalam
kalimat langsungnya.
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
|
He asked me whether I went to school every day.
|
He said, “Where do you go to school?”
|
He asked me where I went to school.
|
She asked, “When will they come?”
|
She asked me when they would come.
|
E. Perubahan Pada Adverbs, Articles, dan Modals
Perubahan
dari bentuk
langsung menjadi tidak
langsung juga mengakibatkan
adanya perubahan
pada adverbs, articles, dan modals tertentu, sebagai berikut :
can ---> could
will ---> would
here ---> there
now ---> then
next week ---> the following week
shall ---> should
may ---> might
this ---> that
yesterday ---> the day before
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
can
He said,”I can go
to school every day.”
|
Could
He said (that) he
could go to school every day.
|
may
He said,”I may go
to school every day.”
|
Might
He said (that) he
might go to school every day.
|
Mixed type (Jenis Gabungan)
Example :
Anton asked me, “What’s happening to you? You
looks pale.”
Anton asked me what was hsppening to me as I
looked so pale.
1.
Changes Adverb of Time (Time Specification)
that need to be considered:
Direct
Indirect
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tonight
That night
This week
That week
Yesterday
The day
before
The day before yesterday Two day
before
Last night
The night
before
Last week
The
Previous week
Last year
The
Previous year
A year ago
A year
before/the previous year
Three year ago
Three years before
Tomorrow
The next day/the
following day
The day after tomorrow
In two days’s time
Next week
The following week
Next year
The
following year
On Sunday
On Sunday
On the sixth
On the sixth
Here
There (sebagai Adverb of Place/
ket.tempat)
This Restaurant
The restaurant (sebagai Adjective/
kata sifat)
These books
The books (sebagai
Adjective/
kata sifat)
This
It (sebagai Pronoun/kata ganti)
These
They/them (sebagai Pronoun/
kata ganti)
Example:
The man said, “I eat in this restaurant last
night.”
The man said that he had eaten in the restaurant
the night before.
Reference